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What is Heart Attack

A heart attack, medically known as a myocardial infarction, happens when blood flow to a segment of the heart muscle is obstructed for an extended period. This obstruction is commonly due to a buildup of fatty deposits, or plaque, in the coronary arteries, which can lead to damage or death of the heart muscle tissue. Key symptoms often include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and nausea. Quick medical intervention is essential to restore blood flow and reduce harm to the heart.

Some common symptoms of heart attack

Chest Discomfort

One of the most common symptom of a heart attack is discomfort in the chest. This may feel like pressure, squeezing, or a burning sensation. It’s important to note that this discomfort isn’t always severe and can come and go.

Shortness of Breath

Breathing difficulties, even in the absence of chest pain, can be a symptom that the heart is struggling. If you find yourself unusually short of breath after minimal exertion, it could indicate an underlying cardiac issue.

Pain Radiating to the Upper Body

Heart attack pain doesn’t always stay localized in the chest. It may radiate to other parts of the body, including the arms, neck, jaw, or back. This can be particularly confusing as it might resemble muscular or dental pain.

Heartburn or Indigestion

What feels like heartburn or indigestion could be a symptom of a heart attack, especially if it occurs suddenly and with other symptoms. It’s important to distinguish between digestive issues and cardiac ones.

Irregular Heartbeat/ Palpitations

An irregular or skipping heartbeat, especially when accompanied by other symptoms, is not something to ignore. It can indicate that your heart is under stress and could lead to a heart attack.

Swelling in the Lower Extremities

Swelling in your legs, ankles, or feet can be a symptom that your heart is not pumping as effectively as it should. Fluid buildup in these areas might suggest heart failure or an impending heart attack.

What to Do During a Heart Attack

Call Emergency Services – Dial your local emergency number immediately.

Chew Aspirin – If not allergic, chew 325 mg of aspirin to help thin the blood.

Stay Calm and Rest – Sit or lie down and try to stay as calm as possible.

Perform CPR If Needed – If the person is unconscious and not breathing, start CPR immediately.

Avoid Eating or Drinking – Do not consume anything while waiting for help.

How to Reduce Your Risk of a Heart Attack

As a cardiologist, I often tell my patients that preventing heart disease is just as important as treating it. There are several steps you can take to lower your chances of having a heart attack:

Embrace a Heart-Healthy Diet

Eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can have a powerful impact on heart health. Reducing your intake of foods high in saturated and trans fats can lower cholesterol levels, which is crucial for protecting your heart. Additionally, incorporating heart-friendly foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, like salmon and walnuts, can further support cardiovascular health.

Make Exercise a Regular Part of Your Routine

Physical activity is key to maintaining a strong heart. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week. This doesn’t have to be complicated—activities like brisk walking, cycling, or even dancing can make a big difference.

Achieve and Maintain a Healthy Weight

Carrying extra weight increases the strain on your heart, leading to higher blood pressure and cholesterol. Working toward a healthy body weight will reduce these risks and support overall heart health.

Quit Smoking

Smoking is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease. It damages the blood vessels and significantly increases the risk of heart attack. If you’re a smoker, quitting is one of the most effective steps you can take to protect your heart.

Learn to Manage Stress

Chronic stress can lead to wreak havoc on your cardiovascular system. Practicing relaxation techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga can help manage stress levels and reduce your heart disease risk.

Keep Your Blood Pressure Under Control

High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart attacks. Regularly checking your blood pressure and making necessary lifestyle changes—such as reducing salt intake—can help keep it in a healthy range. Medication may also be required in some cases.

Monitor Cholesterol

High cholesterol can lead to artery blockages, significantly raising your risk of a heart attack. Regular screenings and adjustments to your diet can help manage cholesterol levels effectively. Your doctor may recommend medications if necessary.

Moderate Alcohol Consumption

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems. Limiting alcohol to moderate levels—up to one drink a day for women and two for men—can help maintain heart health.

Prioritize Quality Sleep

Getting a good night’s sleep is essential for heart health. Poor sleep is linked to increased heart attack risk. Aim for 7-9 hours of uninterrupted sleep each night to give your body the rest it needs.

Regular Checkups and Screenings

Staying on top of your health with regular doctor visits is one of the best ways to prevent heart attacks. Monitoring your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar can detect potential problems before they become serious.

Difference Between a Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest

Heart Attack

• What It Is: Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing damage.
• Symptoms: Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sometimes pain radiating to the arms or back.
• Consciousness: The person is usually conscious, though they may feel weak or in pain.

Cardiac Arrest

• What It Is: A sudden loss of heart function due to an electrical malfunction in the heart, causing it to stop beating.
• Symptoms: Sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, and no breathing or pulse.
• Consciousness: The person will be unconscious and unresponsive.

Key Difference: A heart attack involves blocked blood flow causing heart muscle damage, while cardiac arrest is a complete halt of heart function, requiring immediate CPR and defibrillation.

Author Details:

Dr. Pankaj Batra | Director & Chairman – Cardiac Sciences